Using Nature to Adapt to Climate Change in the Nashua River Watershed

The NRWA is working with the communities of Ashburnham, Fitchburg, Groton, Leominster, and Pepperell to understand local climate change issues and ways that we can use Nature-based Solutions to address those issues. Citizen input is key to the process as NRWA, town leadership, and consultants work to identify specific sites and solutions to help each  community become more climate resilient. The concepts developed in these five communities will then be applied to create a Nashua River Watershed Nature-based Solutions Plan with tools accessible to all of our watershed communities. This project is funded by a Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) grant. Learn more about this project and Nature-based Solutions.

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NRWA 2022 Water Report

The Nashua River Watershed Association is pleased to share our 2022 Water Report.  This new report analyzes the results of our 2022 water monitoring season covering topics such as: what do we study and why? what do the results tell us about the health of our waterways? what sections of rivers or streams are facing water quality challenges? The report is detailed and provides supporting images, graphs, and charts. 

Thank you as always to our team of volunteer water monitors.  In 2022, they collected 877 individual surface water samples.  Their dedication makes our work to protect our waterways possible. This Report is dedicated to all of you.

Read the NRWA’s 2022 Water Report.

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NRWA 2023-2028 Strategic Plan

The NRWA is pleased to share its 2023-2028 Strategic Plan, a guide to our priorities for our next five years. The Plan is the result of months of conversations, partner listening sessions, and a survey of supporters. We asked for your input, we listened, and your feedback is reflected in this directional piece. We look forward to working with you to achieve these goals. View online.  Download single page for print.  

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Nashua River Watershed Association Statement on MassWildlife’s Proposed Oak Woodlands Restoration at Squannacook River Wildlife Management Area

The MA Department of Fisheries and Wildlife (MassWildlife) has proposed an Oak Woodlands Restoration project on 215 acres at the Squannacook River Wildlife Management Area (SRWMA), which will result in altering the current forested landscape to an open woodland. The project would require significant clearing of the existing forest, periodic fire management, and herbicide applications.  For a more detailed description of the goals of the proposed project and restoration activities, please see: mass.gov/info-details/oak-woodland-restoration-at-squannacook-river-wma

The Nashua River Watershed Association (NRWA) has been closely keeping track of this proposed project and wishes to share the following significant attributes of the SRWMA project site, which MassWildlife has indicated would be Phase 1* of a multi-phase undertaking:

  • Abuts ~2 miles of the federally-designated Squannacook Wild & Scenic River, which is also a state-designated Coldwater Fisheries Resource; 
  • Is within the state-designated Squannassit Area of Critical Environmental Concern; and 
  • Is a Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Priority Habitat Area.
  • Meets MA DEP state-designated Outstanding Resource Water Massachusetts Surface Water Quality Standards [314  CMR 4.04(3)

  • Is included in the Squannacook-Nissitissit Rivers Sanctuary Act (MGL, Part I, Title XIX, Chapter 123A, Section 17)

  • Is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries “Essential Fish Habitat”

  • Is a MA DFW Wildlife Management Area Reference Stream

  • US Geological Survey (USGS) gage on the Squannacook River was used as a least impacted site to set flow policy for the state’s Water Management Act. The river is also used as a “clean water” least impacted site by MA DEP’s SMART monitoring program. Water quality information from this site was used in the development of statewide Water Quality Standards including nutrients and pollutant loading analysis.

  • ~50 acres of Shirley Zone 1 Municipal Wellhead Protection Area (a 1,000 foot zone extending from wellhead)  

  • Subject property partially overlays a medium yield aquifer ½ mile upstream from the W. Groton Water Supply District public wellheads.

This site has long been recognized as an area worthy of the highest-level protection and preservation for its existing outstandingly remarkable environmental resource values. Therefore, proposed alteration of the site should be subject to particularly rigorous analysis.

In February of 2022 the NRWA requested that MassWildlife consider at least a three-year moratorium on advancing the proposed project while MassWildlife, NRWA, and other partners: 

  • Identify alternate sites that meet MassWildlife’s state-wide goals for Oak Woodland Habitat;
  • Undertake additional studies on SRWMA; and 
  • Assess the impact of the scale of the proposed project. 

Through dialogue with MassWildlife, the NRWA understands that MassWildlife cannot agree to a moratorium.  MassWildlife has communicated a commitment to transparency and to proceeding on a timeline with opportunities for site walks and public engagement. 

In addition, public comment periods which are required as part of local and state permitting would precede any actual site work by MassWildlife.  Opportunities for comments would occur at both Shirley and Townsend Conservation Commission meetings, and potentially be associated with an Environmental Notification Form (ENF) and Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) review.  After reviewing forthcoming documents, the NRWA will offer detailed comments during the public comment periods as they arise.

* The NRWA notes that potential future Phases of the proposed project have not yet been described, but that the entire Squannacook River Wildlife Management Area encompasses a total of more than 1,300 acres.

 

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Chapter 4 Providing Education video link

NRWA 50th Anniversary Video Series

In 2019, the NRWA celebrated its 50th Anniversary.  As part of our celebration, we created a series of six short videos looking at where we began, where we are and where we are going in the future. We hope you enjoy this look at NRWA and what we accomplish together! Thank you!

Chapter 1:  The Beginning (2:38 min.)
Chapter 2:  Protecting Water (2:28 min.)
Chapter 3:  Protecting Land (2:20 min.)
Chapter 4:  Providing Education (1:55 min.)
Chapter 5:  Supporting Recreation (1:49 min.)
Chapter 6:  Looking Forward (2:31 min.)

Thank you to our 50th Anniversary Sponsors for making this series possible: Presenting Sponsor, Rollstone Bank & Trust, and Anniversary Sponsors, CanAm Machinery and Enterprise Bank.

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  Pulling invasive water chestnut by hand from a canoe

Controlling Invasive Water Chestnut

The NRWA has been working with the state and local entities, as well as volunteers to control the infestation and spread of invasive water chestnut in the Nashua River.  Learn more.

View new video "NRWA Water Chestnut Pull: Volunteers in Action. (3:14 min) produced by Max McCormick of NorthPoint Productions.

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EXAMPLE 1 - No styles applied

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Mickola family farmhouse in Ashby, circa 1910.

Farms, Fields, and Forests in the Nashua River Watershed: Stories from the Land

Change and Continuity
John Mickola of Ashby, Massachusetts

Interviewed on August 27, 2014 by Al Futterman,
NRWA Land Programs Director

Most summer days, John Mickola can be found in one of a few possible places. He’s either mowing his own hayfields or those of his neighbors in Ashby, or perhaps he is at the town library where he is a long-time member of the Friends of the Library. John lives on a “century farm,” one that has been in his family for more than 100 years. 

At the time of this interview, John, a retired teacher, is still farming part-time. He cuts and sells about 1,000 bales of hay per year on 35 acres in eight fields: four his own and four belonging to others. He also uses 12 cord of wood a year that he cuts himself, some of which is used in an outdoor wood boiler on the farm.

In the following short video clips, John speak about his Finnish heritage and connection with the land, on dealing with the inevitability of change, and of his desire to see others have a sense of permanence. Each clip is less than three minutes long. A complete video recording of the Mickola oral history interview is available from the NRWA upon request.

A Finnish Farming Enclave (video 1 of 3)

John speaks about the history of his family and of Ashby's close-knit Finnish community. "Everybody helped each other around the neighborhood."

 

How Things Have Changed (video 2 of 3)

John describes the changes he has seen. "When I was a kid, every house on this road was a farm." With fewer and fewer farms remaining, John and his family decided on a conservation restriction to preserve their property as open land.

 

Hopes for the Future (video 3 of 3)

John acknowledges that change is the natural way of things, yet he looks for permanence. "My hope would be that people would look upon this as their home."

Roots in the Finnish Community

John’s Finnish heritage defines his connection with his land, beginning with his grandfather’s immigration from Finland to work in the mines of Minnesota, to the migration of the Finns from Minnesota to the farms in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. John explains:

“There was a movement to the East coast to the Fitchburg, Gardner, Hubbardston area. There’s a great tradition here in this area. They all migrated this way. And my grandfather was living in New Ipswich at the time, as I understand it, which is just over the line [in New Hampshire], and his aunt and her husband bought a little house on Jones Hill Road, on the bottom of Jones Hill Road, and he, my grandfather, had the desire to be near his aunt. So he was looking for land and this farm was up for sale. And so he bought it for $1,300 in 1907. It wasn’t unusual in the sense that every farm on this hill eventually became owned by a Finnish family. It was again a Finnish enclave. So, when I was a kid growing up, all the neighbors were of Finnish heritage.”

The house and land—30 acres of woods and 20 acres of open fields—where John and his family live today is the same, with several modifications and renovations, that his Finnish grandfather bought in 1907. John has added a sauna on the property, an iconic feature of the area’s Finnish farms.

Those who had come before the first Mickola arrived in Ashby were what one would call “Yankees” and they found making a living on these hilly farms to be tough. When, at the turn of the last century, the “Yankees” sold out to immigrants—the Finns in this case—they thought they were taking advantage of the new arrivals. But according to John, “The Finns jumped at the chance, as they had knowledge of farming tough homesteads and brought with them traditional ways to 'enliven’ the land again.”

Originally, the Mickola Farm had ten cows, 500 chickens, and lots of blueberries. The approach to picking of blueberries is an example of the strong support in the Finnish community. The many paper mill workers in Fitchburg would be unemployed during the summer when the factories became too hot. These workers and their families were brought out to pick high-bush blueberries at ten cents a quart for extra money (and to enjoy the out-of-doors) in nearby rural towns like Ashby and Ashburnham. Edwin Chapman, who in 1901 donated the funds to build the Ashby Free Public Library, started his business career and fortune by being a broker for farmers in the area selling their produce and farm goods—including John’s grandfather’s blueberries–in Boston.

The berry fields were managed communally in the fall, when they were burned, and there was a communal approach to haying as well. John recounts, “Everybody helped each other around the neighborhood. So when it came time for haying, the farmers would move from one farm to the other, all helping each other get their hay in.” In the old days, Finnish women and men worked as a team, with the women tending the livestock, and the men managing the haying and cutting of wood. In fact, cooperation was so integral to successful farming that the Finns started the “Fitchburg United Cooperative Farmers” to pool resources. John remembers that his family shopped only at the coop grocery store when he was a kid: “You saved the slips and turned them in at end of year when the profits were divided.”

John displays a historic photo from his family farm.    John's grandfather, dad, and others during haying season, ready to move a load into the barn.

John Mickola with one of his historic photographs the farm his Finnish grandfather bought in 1907.

Change is Inevitable

There are some things that have not changed on the farm in one hundred years. The house still gets its water from a well fed by a spring at the top of hill. It’s gravity fed, and no electricity or pump is needed. But much has changed.

John was a member of the Ashby Grange for 49 years, from the time he was a teenager until it closed its door for the last time a few years back. He served as Grange Master (as well as Chair of the town’s recently formed Agricultural Commission). Interestingly, Joel Hayward, the first Master of the Ashby Grange, had also lived on this same farm. The Grange, once an active part of the farming community, was closed by local members because they felt that the national organization no longer supported local agriculture as it did before the predominance of agri-business.

In the past decade, where there used to be undeveloped forest and fields, houses have been built on all sides of the Mickola Farm. When John was a child, all the nearby homes were farms, but presently not even one is a full-time farm. Nowadays, the trend is to micro-farms or what John calls "guerilla" farming: people who want two acres, a suburban house, and a job in the city to which they commute. Once John knew all his neighbors: “If I heard the rattle of a car, I would know who it was.”

At the same time, change can be good. John showed a photo of his grandfather at 65 years old on the tractor that eventually killed him in 1940 when he was pulling out stones and the tractor flipped over and crushed him. A few years ago John himself was haying a field with a bailer on his tractor on a steep side of hill when it slipped sideways. His wife convinced him to plant Christmas trees on that hillside, and now, as a “concession to modernism,” he has a four-wheel drive tractor with a roll-bar.

There is other evidence of appropriate changes through the years: a portion of one field was an apple orchard, now it’s a garden; his grandfather’s blacksmith became his father’s mechanical repair shop, and is now their garage. John recently installed a solar array in the area of the farm where the blueberry crates used to be stored. And John points across the still quiet road to where beavers moved in and created a thirty-acre pond in what was once a field. Who knows when the beavers will move on and what will take their place.

“You can’t get stuck in the past but need to learn from that,” John shares. He always enjoyed the ritual of the Grange, and part of the advice in that ritual was, “Take notes, understand what is going on—that change is the ongoing natural way of things—and be able to ride with that and not hold it back.”

A historic photo of John Mickola's grandfather on the farm.    John Mickola on the farm that has been in his family for more than 100 years.

The old and the new: A historic photo of John's grandfather at 65 years old; John on the farm that has been in his family for more than 100 years.

A Desire for More Permanence

When asked about his hopes for the future, John responds, “My hope would be that people would become a little more permanent. That they would look at this as more of their home rather than a transition spot so they can move on to something bigger.”

John and his wife prefer open spaces and the woods that are home to moose, deer, and other wildlife. Because they want to keep the earth sustainable and be sure their property is not split up, they made the decision to preserve the family land in perpetuity through a conservation restriction.

In putting the restriction on the property, John hopes “...that it stays in that kind of mixed use situation, where there’s open land, where there’s people who understand farming.”

With their five children grown and owning their own places, John reflects that he “...may be the last generation to live on the place. Perhaps not. But regardless, it’s going to stay the way it is, intact, the way my grandfather bought it.”

In the end, John’s own story may be analogous to one he tells of the big old sugar maple still growing in his front yard. In 1941, a distant relative serving as a hired man on the farm found that the pear tree growing in that same location was dying. He went out to the field and pulled up a sugar maple sapling, and placed it alongside the dying pear tree. “And he told my parents,” John states simply, “it was time to plant a new tree.”

For John, the story is that while there is always change, there will always be a need to encourage continuity in our lives.

Read the full transcript of the John Mickola interview (PDF).

View of Gibbet Hill – Photo by Joan Wotkowicz

Farms, Fields, and Forests in the Nashua River Watershed: Voices from the Land

A collaborative project of the Nashua River Watershed Association and Freedom's Way Natural Heritage

As our region is slowly transformed by sprawl and urbanization, the special places in nature and the current working lands may no longer be visible and may disappear from our collective consciousness. The new norm or baseline of what our home landscape looks like becomes one that is more literally concretized or hardscaped and less “open” or containing greenspace. We forget that what we have today in working lands is extraordinarily precious. We forget that some of our lands were rather different not long ago, why they were important to the generations before us, and why knowing about them is so important to the future.

The overarching goal of this oral history project, a collaboration between Freedom’s Way Heritage Association and the Nashua River Watershed Association, is to preserve, enhance, and interpret the historic, cultural and natural resources of the Freedom’s Way National Heritage Area within the Nashua River watershed. These interviews with our area’s residents will preserve their knowledge and stories before the residents and the particular places they speak of -- be they farms, fields, or forests -- vanish. We hope to inspire others to value working lands and to conserve lands understood to be important from a variety of perspectives, whether these be lands that they personally own or lands in their communities that could be protected through municipal efforts.

"When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect."

---Aldo Leopold, Foreward to A Sand County Almanac

Oral History Interviewees

Click on any selection below for video clips from the interview, a narrative article, historic and recent images, and a link to the full transcript. Full videos are available upon request.

John Mickola of Ashby, MA

 

Ashby, Massachusetts
John Mickola

 

John and Laurie Smigelski of Groton, MA

 

Groton, Massachusetts
John and Laurie Smigelski

 

Betsy Colburn-Mirkovic and Lee Mirkovic of Shirley, MA

 

Shirley, Massachusetts
Betsy Colburn-Mirkovic and Lee Mirkovic

 

Jim French of Sterling, MA

 

Sterling, Massachusetts
Jim French

 

Mike Pineo of Sterling, MA

 

Sterling, Massachusetts
Mike Pineo

 

Paul Willard of Still River, MA

 

Still River, Massachusetts
Paul Willard

 

The West family of Townsend, MA

 

Townsend, Massachusetts
Mary, Sue, and Carrie West